Approach to Distortion Measurements for Audio Amplifiers

I imagine I am typical of many DIY audio enthusiasts in that I build something and hope that subjectively it sounds good. However, I am also curious about the objective measurements of the equipment. I thought this level of analysis would be beyond my ability and budget, but an interesting thread appeared on DIYAudio.com recently, concerning a cheap method of measuring distortion. Essentially you can discover the harmonic distortion signature and the noise floor of your amplifier.

As forum member XRK971 details in the first post in the thread, all that is needed at the most basic level is a decent internal PC sound card or external USB Audio interface, some free software, three resistors and some wire. Rather than repeat everything that appears in that thread, I thought I would just outline the equipment and components I used and how I set it up.

The software, RoomEQWizard (REW), is primarily used for measuring and analysing room and loudspeaker responses, but it can also be used for measuring distortion in amplifiers. Although the software is free, if you find it useful, please donate to the developer. Install the software and on the opening screen click on ‘preferences’ to configure your external interface once the device is connected to the laptop. The input and output devices should be the sound card. The choice of interface for me was simple as I already own an external soundcard, a Behringer UCA202, which can be bought for under £20. A review including measurements of this interface by the respected engineer NwAvGuy shows that for the price, this is a reasonable piece of equipment.

At this point, with only the interface connected to the PC (and possibly just running off the battery if you are using a laptop), you can check the internal noise of your device. From the main REW screen, click on the RTA icon to bring up the Real Time Analysis window. This window has it’s own options on the right hand side and the image below shows how I set mine up, along with the display of the UCA202 internal noise.

UCA202 internal noise using laptop on battery

UCA202 internal noise with laptop connected to AC power supply

As you can see from the above images, the UCA202 reports self-noise, and thus the noise floor is at about -130dBFS with a 50Hz spike and harmonics when connected to the mains supply. You can perform a ‘loopback’ test to measure the harmonic distortion of your own audio interface by connecting an RCA cable between the output and input and using REW to generate a 1kHz tone (use the generator icon on the main window). It is worth calibrating your device in the soundcard preferences panel before commencing testing. As you can see from the image below, the device isn’t bad, with THD at 0.0045% and THD+N at 0.020%. These figures can be improved upon if required by using a better interface (Focusrite Solo has been mentioned as good and relatively inexpensive) and also an external low noise tone generator.

//enjon.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it." data-rel="lightbox-gallery-0" data-rl_title data-rl_caption title="">//enjon.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it." data-orig-size="1516,749" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="UCA202-loopback-1kHz-self-test-@-6dbfs" data-image-description data-medium-file="https:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it." data-large-file="https:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it." loading="lazy" width="1024" height="506" src="https:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it." alt="" class="wp-image-1005" srcset="https:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. 1024w, https://enjon.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UCA202-loopback-1kHz-self-test-@-6dbfs-300x148.jpg 300w, https://enjon.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UCA202-loopback-1kHz-self-test-@-6dbfs-768x379.jpg 768w, https://enjon.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UCA202-loopback-1kHz-self-test-@-6dbfs-850x420.jpg 850w, https://enjon.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UCA202-loopback-1kHz-self-test-@-6dbfs.jpg 1516w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px">

UCA202 loopback with 1kHz tone at -6dBFS digital output level.

The amp being measured needs to drive a load, so a dummy load simulating your speaker load needs to be made. All that is required is a resistor that has the same impedance as your amplifier and is rated to handle the amp’s power output. I chose a 8Ω 50W power resistor from RS Components. You may wish to heatsink this but I bolted it directly to a metal case. The dummy load can connect directly to the sound card but it is prudent to attenuate the signal before it reaches the audio interface. This can be achieved using a voltage divider and it was recommended that a 10:1 voltage drop would be suitable. I used 22K and 2.2K resistors as these were at hand. Make sure you get the resistors the right way round (see image below) or the ratio will be out. In true (mis) Adventures in HiFi tradition, I got them the wrong way round to begin with.

You can just attach everything together temporarily but I made a little project box with permanent connectors for the amp inputs and the signal output as I had these already. The enclosure came from the Maplins closing down sale and cost a couple of quid.

8Ω dummy load with fixed attenuator in project box

The various components now need to be connected together, in effect forming a loop. Perhaps the easiest way to demonstrate this is by using a block diagram of my setup. In addition, a multimeter set to AC Volts should be placed across the dummy load terminals so that the output of the amplifier can be measured

The test set-up on the workbench with REW running on the laptop.

Once everything is connected together, turn on the amplifier and generate a 1kHz tone through REW. Adjust the level of the sine wave using a combination of the amplifier volume pot (if available) and the controls in REW until the voltmeter reads 2.83V which equates to 1W into 8Ω. An example of the preferences panel for REW and the UCA202 is shown below. This generated the plots for an old Cambridge Audio A1 amplifier that I have, which are also shown below.

REW Preferences panel with 1kHz sine wave generated.

The image below shows the amplifier connected and powered on but with no signal. As you can see, there is considerable noise being generated at 50Hz and at intervals thereof. At this stage I do not know if this is the environment or the amplifier. I will be redoing these tests in the future and will attempt to find the cause.

Cambridge Audio A1 with power on and no signal

Cambridge Audio A1 into UCA202 2.83Vrms into 8ohms

The next image shows the result of the generated 1kHz sine wave. This shows a dominant 2nd order harmonic but also odd and higher order harmonics. The inset box in the top left shows the THD, which at 0.012% isn’t particularly low by modern standards.

I will be running some tests on my DIY amps in the near future, at this stage I am just getting to grips with measuring, and more importantly, understanding what the measurements mean.

Links to some interesting articles on harmonic distortion:
Understanding FFT diagrams for beginners
The sound of distortion (powerpoint file).
Audio distortion and feedback by Nelson Pass